Manual Testing Interview Questions for fresher with Answers – Software manual testing is the process of manually testing software for defects without using automation tools. For freshers, interview questions typically focus on understanding the basics of software testing, testing techniques, and the role of a manual tester. You might be asked about the software development life cycle (SDLC), different types of testing (such as functional, regression, and unit testing), and key concepts like test cases, test plans, and bug reports.
Interviewers will often test your understanding of how to write test cases, how to execute them, and how to identify and report bugs. You may also be asked about black-box testing, white-box testing, and exploratory testing. Being familiar with the tools used to track and manage bugs (like Jira or Bugzilla) and having good communication skills to work effectively with developers are also important for manual testing roles.
Here the most important Software Manual Testing Interview Questions for fresher with Answers .
1.What is Software Testing?
Software Testing is the process of evaluating a system or its components to check whether it meets the specified requirements and to identify any defects. The goal is to ensure the software is bug-free, functional, and reliable under specified conditions. Testing can be done manually or using automated tools.
2.What is Manual Testing?
Manual Testing is a process where test cases are executed manually by a tester without using automated tools. It involves checking the functionality of an application by following predefined test scenarios and comparing the actual output with the expected results.
3.What is the Difference Between Verification and Validation?
Verification is the process of evaluating software to ensure it complies with the design specifications. It answers the question, “Are we building the product right?” Validation, on the other hand, ensures that the product meets the user’s requirements. It answers, “Are we building the right product?”
4.What is a Test Case?
A Test Case is a set of conditions or steps used to verify the functionality of a specific feature in an application. It includes details like input data, execution steps, expected result, and actual result. A well-written test case ensures comprehensive testing.
5.What is a Test Plan?
A Test Plan is a detailed document that outlines the objectives, scope, approach, and focus of software testing efforts. It also includes information on test deliverables, required resources, a test schedule, and the criteria for test completion.
6.What is a Bug or Defect in Software Testing?
A bug or defect is an error, flaw, or failure in a software program that causes it to produce incorrect or unexpected results. Bugs are identified during testing when the actual output differs from the expected output.
7.What is the Bug Life Cycle?
The Bug Life Cycle is the process a defect goes through from identification to resolution. It typically involves stages like New, Assigned, Open, Fixed, Retested, and Closed. Each status indicates the current progress of the bug.
8.What is Regression Testing?
Regression Testing is a type of testing performed to ensure that recent code changes have not negatively impacted the existing functionality. It involves re-executing previously passed test cases to check that everything still works as expected.
9.What is Smoke Testing?
Smoke Testing is a type of initial testing to verify whether the basic functionalities of the application are working. It is also known as Build Verification Testing and is performed before conducting any detailed testing to ensure the system is stable enough for further testing.
10.What is Sanity Testing?
Sanity Testing is a subset of regression testing. It is conducted to verify that specific functionality works as expected after a minor code change. Sanity testing focuses only on critical functionalities and is typically executed when there is no time for extensive testing.
11.What is Black Box Testing?
Black Box Testing is a testing method where the tester is unaware of the internal structure of the software. The tester focuses on testing the functionality based on the input-output relationship. It emphasizes what the system does rather than how it does it.
12.What is White Box Testing?
White Box Testing involves testing the internal logic of the application. Testers have full knowledge of the source code and design while creating test cases. This technique is used to check the flow of inputs and outputs through the code and ensure code coverage.
13.What is the Difference Between Black Box and White Box Testing?
The key difference is that Black Box Testing focuses on the functionality of the software without looking at the internal structure, while White Box Testing involves testing the internal logic and source code of the application.
14.What is Exploratory Testing?
Exploratory Testing is a type of manual testing where testers explore the application without predefined test cases. It relies on the tester’s experience and creativity to find defects. Testers often simultaneously learn and execute tests, adapting as they go.
15.What is Ad-hoc Testing?
Ad-hoc Testing is an informal testing method where testers execute tests without any formal documentation or planning. It is done randomly and does not follow any structured approach. The goal is to identify defects that may not be captured by formal test cases.
16.What is Usability Testing?
Usability Testing is conducted to evaluate how user-friendly the application is. It measures the system’s ease of use, navigation, and overall user experience. The aim is to ensure that end-users can use the system efficiently and without confusion.
17.What is Acceptance Testing?
Acceptance Testing is a type of testing where the system is tested to ensure that it meets the business requirements and is ready for deployment. It is often conducted by the end users or the client and is the final step before release.
18.What is Alpha Testing?
Alpha Testing is an early form of user acceptance testing performed at the developer’s site. It is typically conducted by internal testers or the development team to identify bugs before releasing the product to external users or clients.
19.What is Beta Testing?
Beta Testing is the process where the software is released to a limited number of external users for testing in a real environment. The feedback from beta testers helps identify defects or issues that were not detected during internal testing.
20.What is Functional Testing?
Functional Testing focuses on verifying that the application works according to the specified functional requirements. It ensures that each feature or functionality produces the correct output based on the given input. Functional testing includes testing user interfaces, APIs, databases, and more.
21.What is Non-functional Testing?
Non-functional Testing involves testing the non-functional aspects of the software, such as performance, usability, security, and scalability. The aim is to ensure that the application meets the specified quality attributes and performs well under various conditions.
22.What is Performance Testing?
Performance Testing evaluates the speed, responsiveness, and stability of a system under different workloads. It ensures that the application performs well in terms of load, stress, and scalability. Tools like JMeter or LoadRunner are often used in automated performance testing.
23.What is Load Testing?
Load Testing is a type of performance testing that determines how the application behaves under normal and peak load conditions. It checks if the system can handle the expected number of users or transactions without significant degradation in performance.
24.What is Stress Testing?
Stress Testing is conducted to determine how the system behaves under extreme conditions. The goal is to push the application beyond its operational limits to identify the breaking point and ensure that it can recover gracefully from failures.
25.What is Security Testing?
Security Testing is conducted to identify vulnerabilities in the system that could be exploited by malicious users. It ensures that the application is protected against threats like unauthorized access, data breaches, and hacking. Security testing includes testing for injections, authentication, and authorization.
26.What is Compatibility Testing?
Compatibility Testing is a type of non-functional testing that ensures the software works across different environments, such as browsers, operating systems, devices, and networks. It verifies that the application performs consistently in various hardware and software configurations.
27.What is Recovery Testing?
Recovery Testing is a type of non-functional testing that checks how well an application can recover from crashes, hardware failures, or other unexpected interruptions. It tests the system’s ability to restore operations and data after a failure.
28.What is Volume Testing?
Volume Testing is conducted to evaluate the system’s behavior when subjected to a large volume of data. The objective is to identify any issues that may occur when handling huge amounts of data input or database transactions, such as performance degradation or data loss.
29.What is End-to-End Testing?
End-to-End Testing tests the complete flow of an application, simulating real-world user scenarios from start to finish. It ensures that interconnected components and subsystems work together as expected. This type of testing verifies the integration of all system components.
30.What is Test Coverage?
Test Coverage refers to the extent to which the test cases cover the requirements and functionality of the software. It is a metric used to measure how much of the software has been tested. High test coverage helps reduce the likelihood of undetected bugs.
31.What is Test Data?
Test Data is the set of input values or data used by testers to execute test cases. Test data can be either static (predefined) or dynamic (generated during execution). Properly chosen test data helps validate whether the system processes input correctly.
32.What is Test Scenario?
A Test Scenario is a high-level description of what needs to be tested. It represents a specific functionality or feature of the system. Scenarios help guide the creation of detailed test cases and ensure that all possible user interactions with the system are covered.
33.What is a Test Script?
A Test Script is a set of instructions or code that automates the execution of a test case. It is commonly used in automated testing to simulate user actions and verify that the software behaves as expected. Test scripts can be written in various programming languages.
34.What is a Test Environment?
A Test Environment is the setup required to execute test cases, including hardware, software, network configurations, and test data. It simulates the production environment to ensure the application functions correctly under similar conditions.
35.What is the Role of a Test Lead in Software Testing?
A Test Lead is responsible for overseeing the testing process. Their role includes planning, scheduling, and managing the testing team, ensuring that test strategies are implemented effectively, and coordinating with stakeholders to ensure the quality of the deliverables.
36.What is the Difference Between Retesting and Regression Testing?
Retesting involves testing the same functionality again after a defect has been fixed, while regression testing ensures that recent code changes haven’t broken existing functionality. Retesting focuses on specific defects, and regression testing checks the broader impact of changes.
37.What is a Test Closure?
Test Closure refers to the completion of the testing process and involves a formal sign-off. It includes test deliverables, a test summary report, and an analysis of defects found and fixed. It marks the point where testing is deemed complete.
38.What is Traceability Matrix?
A Traceability Matrix is a document that maps requirements to corresponding test cases. It ensures that all requirements have been covered by test cases and helps track the test coverage throughout the testing lifecycle.
39.What is a Severity and Priority in Testing?
Severity refers to the impact of a defect on the system’s functionality, while priority indicates how soon the defect should be fixed. Severity is set by the tester based on the technical impact, and priority is set by the development team based on business needs.
40.What is Boundary Value Testing?
Boundary Value Testing is a testing technique where test cases are created using values at the edges of input ranges, including minimum and maximum boundary values. It helps identify defects related to boundary conditions.
41.What is Equivalence Partitioning?
Equivalence Partitioning divides the input data into partitions or classes where all values within a class are considered equivalent for testing. Instead of testing each input individually, testers select one value from each partition, reducing the number of test cases.
42.What is Decision Table Testing?
Decision Table Testing is a method where test cases are designed based on decision tables. A decision table is a systematic way of listing all possible combinations of inputs and their corresponding outputs. It helps test complex business rules and decision-making logic.
43.What is Use Case Testing?
Use Case Testing is based on use cases, which describe the interactions between users and the system. Test cases are derived from the use cases to validate that the application performs as expected when used by end-users in real-world scenarios.
44.What is Defect Density?
Defect Density is a measure of the number of defects detected in the software per unit of code, typically measured as defects per KLOC (thousand lines of code). It is used to assess the quality of the software and the effectiveness of the testing process.
45.What is Defect Clustering?
Defect Clustering refers to the phenomenon where a small number of modules in an application account for the majority of the defects. This is based on the Pareto Principle (80/20 rule), which states that 80% of the defects are found in 20% of the system’s modules.
46.What is Confirmation Testing?
Confirmation Testing (also known as retesting) involves retesting the specific functionality or defect to ensure that the previously reported defect has been fixed. It verifies that the changes made to the code have successfully resolved the issue.
47.What is Pair Testing?
Pair Testing is a collaborative testing approach where two testers work together on the same test case or task. Typically, one tester executes the tests while the other observes or provides feedback. This can help identify defects more efficiently and ensure thorough testing.
48.What is a Test Log?
A Test Log is a detailed record of the test execution activities, including the results of each test, the environment used, the test cases executed, and any defects identified. It helps track the progress of testing and provides a reference for future analysis.
49.What is Monkey Testing?
Monkey Testing is a type of random testing where testers input random or arbitrary data into the application to see if it crashes or reveals defects. It is an informal method used to ensure the application can handle unexpected inputs or actions.
50.What is Root Cause Analysis?
Root Cause Analysis (RCA) is a technique used to identify the underlying cause of defects or problems in the software. The goal is to understand what caused the issue so that it can be prevented in the future. RCA often results in process improvements.